Is Globalization A New Phenomenon?

Is Globalization A New Phenomenon? Globalization is an extremely mind boggling topic that lights many warmed discussions among geographers, scientists and the overall population the same. In spite of the fact that it might be interlinked with numerous expressions, for example, worldwide interconnectedness an endeavor to characterize this in one sentence would be pointless, as even with much conversation; the decent variety of perspectives that this term includes is excessively wide of a range for anybody to reach a solitary resolution. There are numerous ideas of globalization and as Aart-Scholte (2005) has unmistakably authenticated most existing investigation of globalization is imperfect because of repetitive ideas interlinked to the thought. Universalization speaks to the most broad viewpoint of globalization, where the presentation of outside standards and societies overall haze the limits isolating countries and reduces a countries very uniqueness. Internationalization, advancement and westernization are additio nally ideas regularly connected to globalization, which manage the more social, affordable and political effects of this procedure. As the topic being referred to spins more around the monetary and political intensity of globalization substantially more accentuation will be nucleated inside these limits. The well established inquiry numerous creators appear to debate about is the historical backdrop of globalization. Is globalization another marvel? Creators who associate globalization to internationalization and progression see this procedure as one that had waited since the early colonialist periods. Zevin (1992), Wade (1996), Hirst Thompson (1999), ORourke Williamson (1999) through exploration have acquired conditional proof that degrees of exchange, relocation and speculation between nations were at that point conspicuous in the late nineteenth century. Subsequently coming to their meaningful conclusion that there is the same old thing in contemporary globalism considerably more persuading. On the opposite different creators locate that worldwide relations just sprouted after advances in innovation that streamlines the availability of individuals and the media across huge spans with mechanical developments, for example, the innovation of the fly plane and PC organize, with what h as been considered the primary worldwide insurgency and new real factors by creators, for example, Drucker (1989) and King Schneider (1991). All the more all things considered, I discover the focuses raised by creators like Roland Roberts (1994) to be considerably more convincing as the possibility that globalization started with what has been supposed to be a germination stage in the fifteenth to the mid eighteenth century and unavoidably take off inside the time of the mid nineteenth century bodes well. As of right now the globalization rate is shocking, where branches, for example, Walmart, Sony and even Tesco are spreading out from their homelands to country states. As these gigantic enterprises are beginning to command the more strategically and socially compliant littler regions the monetary control lays in the hand of these worldwide organizations. Further discussion can bring the end in any case, regardless of whether it might profit the country states with openings for work and presentation to current innovation, yet the possibility of misuse should consistently weigh intensely in the rear of ones psyche. As financial advantage will without a doubt leak from the country states to where the principle branch might be found. The statist method of administration was extraordinarily polished before the blast of globalization. At the point when globalization started to widen its scale this decreased what used to be a progressively free type of administration. As not exclusively were most country states commanded by polycentric guidelines they were additionally allowed the chance to connect abroad, nations they might not have had the option to associate with previously. The suprastates and worldwide law may have a specific measure of command over the littler territories anyway with the improvement of worldwide monetary forms, even the most impressive state has no authority over cash supplies and trade rates. Worldwide relations scholars examine what was known as the Westphalian form, achieved during the 1600s. The tranquility of Westphalia formalized the cutting edge idea of an arrangement of sovereign states. With this power, much like imperialism, each state would practice and command their regional ward. Because of quickened globalization the Westphalian rehearses had fallen into neglect. Huge scope globality made it unimaginable for statist developments of sovereignity to keep its administration over the assigned regional space. Again as referenced previously, the legislature can't keep track with the electronic cash moves and reported laborers in a universe of quickly creating innovation. One of numerous issues burdening the present reality is neediness. World Bank figures (2001) with respect to the populace that live on not exactly what could be compared to $1 every day dropped from 1.4 billion people in 1980 to 1.2 billion out of 2001. Pundits however have contended that the philosophies utilized in these figurings have changed over this period, so the figures can't be securely thought about (Wade, 2002). Worldwide exchange better the circumstance of destitution as NICs increment fares of worldwide products and enterprises. For example China significantly increased between the long stretches of 1978 and 1993 with the opening up of worldwide business. This isn't generally the situation as not many nations reach NIC status and worldwide exchange leads just as worldwide money related emergencies carry repulsive effects on the needy individuals. As indicated by Coote (1996) essential wares have more unfortunate nations depending on sends out yet even with an expansion i n globalization there was a consistent decline in benefit from exchange the 1970s. World costs of essential items in mid 1990s remained at its most minimal level since 1930s (ul Haq et al. 1995:29). Obviously the issue of destitution even with the guarantees that accompany globalization, for example work business and the development of industry, has not been totally been destroyed. There are numerous worries that globalization has had its effect upon. One of which being wrongdoing. Globalization makes more chances to battle wrongdoing. Trend setting innovation builds the effectiveness of reconnaissance and counter fear units subsequently hypothetically making the crime percentage decline. Be that as it may, taking a gander at it in an alternate point of view globalization give crooks significant instruments to perpetrate unlawful goes about as does organizing, presented with globalization, reinforce the obligation of incredible criminal associations. Illegal tax avoidance currently remains at levels proportional to 2-5 percent of the world GDP per annum (FATF, 2004) Tranquility on the far edge of the range is likewise vigorously influenced by globalization. Worldwide availability presents disincentives for war among OEDC states. The marking of the atomic non-expansion arrangement system, built up in 1968 through the IAEA, debilitated the spread of atomic weapons to more state arms stockpiles. This bargain, anyway fruitless, was an endeavor to control the arms pace of which worldwide administration makes increasingly sensible. Worldwide reach, in any case, can send military mediations from north to south effortlessly. The advances in innovation additionally help raise the dangerous limits of war. As referenced before having media so effectively open the profile of fear based oppressor legislative issues will be extraordinarily featured henceforth prompting sentiments of vulnerability and weakness among the overall population. Social attachment is a significant focal point inside the field of globalization. Neoliberalism abuses the social connection and takes a gander at it as an opposition for a spot in the worldwide commercial center. Which prompts a trouble and no aggregate intrigue. Anyway an ensured state-country nation society-unit developed with huge scope development of worldwide spaces makes this attachment unfeasible. Globalization however perhaps beneficial to the uprising of social union may cause the direct inverse. As raised by Scholte (2004) of how the worldwide common society has regularly subverted instead of forward social combination. Worldwide relations may prompt an absence of closeness as mechanical advances would advance web gatherings and individual gatherings would however be a relic of past times. Organizations clutch constrained long haul responsibilities and laborers have limited open doors locally before the work advertise calls them. Biology assumes a significant job in the subject of globalization as the connection among people and the earth is similarly as significant as the connection between countries. Nature is profoundly flighty and with innovation connected to globalization forecast of cataclysmic events is conceivable with satellite reconnaissance and advanced preparing. Having propelled media inclusion can lessen the deplorable result of a catastrophic event and furthermore bring issues to light for help across countries. Take Haiti for instance, an exceptionally broadcasted debacle of which media is assuming a huge job for alleviation, the Hope for Haiti advantage. There is additionally a ruin to the progressions of innovation as contamination is commonly the result of new advancements. For example, planes and motorships present incredible dangers to the ocean and air with the measure of waste it produces. Likewise as globalization has effectively made the world littler with headways in the vehicle fram ework, a few organizations; chiefly those that produce exceptionally poisonous waste items, have gone worldwide to a limited extent to move at destinations where ecological guidelines are less severe (Heerings and Zeldenrust, 1995). Subsequently anticipating a gradually weakening condition. As globalization is an especially expansive topic it is hard to control myself into a specific boundary. The procedure of globalization addresses most parts of human geology, as it influences not just the social and political parts of a nation and its relationship with the world, yet additionally natural issues. It is highly unlikely in stopping this procedure, as it is one for inescapable improvement subsequently management is vital to decide positive outcomes. All out: 1521 words

Nike and its Approach to Corporate Responsibility Essay

Nike and its Approach to Corporate Responsibility - Essay Example All things considered, huge and global endeavors face significant doubt by the expansive open maybe because of that the desires for society with respect to business has immensely changed as of late. The matter of business shouldn’t be simply ‘business’, yet it needs to stretch out its commitment to social equity, network government assistance, monetary turn of events and nature of public activity too. This bit of paper examines the corporate social obligation of Nike and gives a top to bottom investigation of Nike’s social duty activities as of late by utilizing vital examination devices. 1.1-Nike’s Corporate Social Responsibility Nike Inc, world’s number-one shoe and clothing organization, plans and creates athletic footwear, attire, types of gear and assistants to showcase them around the world. It offers its sports items to its clients through its own retails stores and web separated from autonomous merchants and retailers (Reuters.com, 201 3). Nike Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, USA, has been positioned #126 by Fortune 500 Companies (Hoovers.com, 2013). In the midst of certain issues identified with representatives poor working conditions in Nike’s fabricating focuses including Indonesia and that media just as NGOs have as of late given more noteworthy significance about Nike’s issues of obligation towards its partners, the organization took a positive vital route to its corporate social duty. It investigated new reasonable plan of action to set up the organization an alternate working condition. As of late, Nike has changed the manner in which it worked and it created center for its social obligation around improving employees’ working conditions in its contracted production lines focusing on carbon impartiality so as to keep up supportable business by making sports accessible to youths over the world (mallenbaker.net, 2013). 1.2-Corporate Social Responsibility The essentialness of CSR has been constantly expanding in the business settings throughout the previous barely any years and this can be clear from the way that in excess of 90 percent of the Fortune-500 organizations do have unequivocal social obligation activities (Bueble, 2009, p. 1). As this term is recognized from Corporate, Social and Responsibility, it is extremely evident that it alludes to the duties that are intrinsic in the connection among corporate and the general public (Werther and Chandler, 2006, p. 6). Kotler and Lee (2005, p. 3) explain the idea of CSR that it is a responsibility of an undertaking to improve network prosperity through optional administration exercises. The social obligation of an endeavor includes society’s financial, lawful, moral and other optional desires from that venture (Sims, 2003, p. 43). The fundamental four components of CSR are practical, legitimate, moral and optional obligations a business is relied upon to satisfy (Pearson and Robinson, 2004, p. 50). Consequen tly, it is normal that a business need to ensure human rights (Banerjee, 2009, p. 94), continue common habitat (Banerjee, 2009,

Machine Shops, Part 1

Machine Shops, Part 1 In response to a request from a current applicant, Im proud to present to you a virtual tour of some of MITs machine shops. As you can imagine, especially considering that our official motto is Latin for Mind and Hand, MIT is very big on hands-on projects. To facilitate this, there is a wide variety of places around campus where you can get your hands on some power tools- of the large variety. One of the principle machine shops on campus is Pappalardo Lab. This is the lab space used by Course 2 students (Course 2 is Mechanical Engineering, for those of you keeping track at home). Pappalardo is home to a wide range of Course 2 resources. The primary component is the shop area- but nearby are also several conference rooms for group design meetings as well as a couple of labs for classes like 2.004 and 2.14 (controls) and 2.671 (experimentation). Luckily for you, Ive been taking photos for my lab reports in 2.671. This was the setup for a lab where we analyzed the gas velocity profile of laminar flow of nitrogen in a long tube. Notice all the wires. Each lab station has several power supplies, handheld multimeters, a function generator, and an oscilloscope. In other words, theres a high concentration of toys per lab bench. This is the setup for an experiment where we measured the speed of sound in various gases. This is Adelaide 09 (my lab partner AND next door neighbor- how convenient!) thinking hard about the output of our sensors shown on the oscilloscope. Thats fun and everything, but the real fun part of Pappalardo is the machine shop. Every Course 2 student gets to know Pappalardo very well over the years- they typically take 2.670 (a class where you build a Sterling engine) IAP of sophomore year, 2.007 in the spring of sophomore year, and 2.009 in the fall of senior year. (If youd like to see more about 2.007, all students who take the class are required to create a website about it- you can check out mine here.) So, after all of that intro, are you ready for the pictures? Pappalardo has An entire row of lathes. (Lathes are machines that can be used to create cylindrical parts, for example a pin that needs a groove or a rod that needs a varying diameter.) Even more milling machines. (A milling machine has a bit called an end mill which is controlled by 3 axes. You can do lots of cool things on a milling machine- from drilling a hole at a precise location to engraving a pattern.) There are also lots of bandsaws, drill presses, chalkboard space, and a shower. Not sure exactly why this is here, but its probably part of a prototype environment for a 2.009 project. More 2.009 projects And a nice view of all of the available table space. Another machine shop on campus is the Hobby Shop. The Hobby Shop requires a membership fee, but its the only place (that I know of) on campus with woodworking capabilities. Also, since its run by an alum rather than a major academic department and caters to people doing cool stuff for fun rather than official for-credit projects, the Hobby Shop has a more lived-in feel than Pappalardo: The Hobby Shop also has a rather impressive supply of materials: Otherwise, the Hobby Shop is pretty typical, and has most of what youd expect, like drill presses, milling machines, saws, and a waterjet? Dont get me wrong, waterjets are awesome (they spray sandy water at such high velocities that it can actually cut through steel and create really precise and detailed patters which can be really hard to machine with other methods) but I was surprised to find one in the Hobby Shop. I had been under the impression that the shop was exclusively full of woodworking tools, but apparently not. A couple of Hobby Shop members work on a table theyre building. But no matter where you go Safety first, of course. =) The good news is, this isnt even half of the machine shops on campus. The bad news is, I can only take so many pictures at a time. Consider this a first installment, and stay tuned for the next one, which will feature the Lab for Manufacturing and Productivity, the Course 16 (Areo/Astro) lab space, and the Edgerton Center machine shop. EDIT: You can read part 2 here: Machine Shops, Part 2.

Climate Change Is Essential For Health - 2424 Words

Why do we think is climate change so essential? Global climate change is now recognised as one of the foremost environmental challenge of the 21st century and there are very strong evidences for human influence on climate change through emissions of green house gases (like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, methane from other sources). Climate change is essential for health in two main ways- first, it is now necessary to learn to adapt to climate change as some degree of climate change appears inevitable and there is a need to consider how to protect the population against its adverse impacts. Secondly, there is much a need to mitigate which means to reduce the human impact of climate change through reduction of green house gases, changes in energy use, transportation sector (reducing toxic air pollution)1. It is a known fact that climate change has the potential to damage human development across many countries, including India. India is confronted with increased global climate change threat amidst the challenge of sustaining rapid economic growth. Evidences have shown that climate change not only affects the quality and distribution of India’s natural resources, but also ultimately threatens the livelihoods of the most poor and marginalised sector that are closely attached to India’s natural resources for their daily needs and development as half of the population are engaged in agriculture and allied sectors2. While developing countries like India are responsibleShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Climate Change On Urban Areas871 Words   |  4 Pagesdetrimental effects as the climate is becoming unfavourable daily. This essay outlines the significant impacts caused by climate changes in urban areas and evaluates the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation approaches to solv e these problems. However, the effects due to climate change should be considered and significant procedures should be taken immediately. Climate change is causing several impacts in urban areas. Firstly, climate change has affected the health of people either directlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Rural People Of Nepal1220 Words   |  5 PagesAll these changes tend to contribute to reduce agricultural productivity resulting in either increased prices or food shortages. While other impacts of climate change include increased forest fires due to the extended dry period, and increase pest and diseases of crops, livestock and human population (LFP, 2010). Thus, the unparalleled impacts of climate change extended to effects on ecosystem, health, food production, water resources, agriculture and livelihood (IPCCC, 2001). With developing countriesRead MoreGlobal Health And Climate Change1525 Words   |  7 Pagesmost significant global health issue in the United States (U.S.) and one that poses the most danger is climate change. 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The in ¬tergovernmental panel on climate change has determined that a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (compared with 1990 levels) by 2050 will be necessary to stabilize the global temperature increase at 2–2Read MoreEssay On The Future1090 Words   |  5 Pagescontrolling parameters, biological function of living organisms and their interaction to the environment, and develop new technologies to protect the environment and public health. My challenge is to get a more complete picture of these issues in the near future which could help to resolve the problems of global climate change and use the CO2 and other greenhouse gases for beneficial purposes as a potential natural resources. In the short term, I will continue working on several problems ofRead MoreWater Scarcity in the USA Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesintensified. These factors, in conjunction with certain economic trends, precipitation, and global climate changes, pose difficult challenges in the years to come. The World Health Organization defines domestic water as being â€Å"water used for all usual domestic purposes including consumption, bathing and food preparation† (World Health Organization, 2003). Ample supplies of clean domestic water are essential for drinking, cooking, hygiene, and various amenities. Most importantly, water is critical to

Trickster-God-Creator - 1433 Words

Tricksters appear in the mythology and folklore of many cultures around the world. Although the power and relative divinity of each Trickster varies from tradition to tradition, Tricksters have important roles in the creation, development, and sometimes destruction, of each culture. The Coyote of Native North American traditions is often depicted as assisting the â€Å"Great Mystery† or â€Å"Great Spirit† in the creating and populating of the world (Leeming). In the Greek myths Hermes is initially a sly infant who captures a tortoise with his untruths and fashions the first lyre from its shell, but eventually transitions to a place amongst the Olympic pantheon as the messenger of the gods. In the Norse myths of the Scandinavian countries, Loki is a†¦show more content†¦Coyote is sometimes purely self-concerned, such as in the Sioux story of â€Å"Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock† (Leeming 50-2), providing the subject for cautionary morality tales. He is als o often the victim of his own pride, such as his attempt to stay awake by propping open his eyes in order to be the first to arrive at Spirit Chiefs lodge at dawn and receive a new name. Coyote falls asleep anyway, retains his name, and creates a permanent slant in his eyes (Dove 17-26). At other times, however, Coyote is selfless and miraculous. In the tale of â€Å"Montezuma and Coyote in Canoes,† from the Papago tradition of Arizona, after the Great Mystery has made the earth, and people have been made to populate it, led by Montezuma, Coyote comes to the great leader of men and instructs the chief to build a canoe. Montezuma doesnt understand why he would need a canoe, but before long a flood of Biblical magnitude washes away the land, and only Coyote and Montezuma survive to lead the new people the Great Mystery creates to repopulate (Leeming 110-11). It would seem easier to allow even the chief to perish in the flood if Coyote really is purely the self-important Trickst er so often depicted, but he seems intuitively to know that Montezuma will be a better leader to â€Å"teach the people all the things they would need to know to survive† (111). Similarly, in the story of â€Å"Coyote and the Footrace,† Coyote allows his own son to be killed in order to teach the rituals for burial of the deadShow MoreRelated Mythology Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesevery culture reveal the power of love, with it, its accompanying jealousy and anxiety; the conflict between generations, the old and new, the mischief of the trouble makers and the underlying diversity and stability of human nature. Although their gods sprang forth from diverse and distinctive cultures, the Greek and Egyptian Pantheons share many similarities and differences between one another. 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In the second developed episode he meets a hag by a river. He has to carry the hag across the river while trying to answer questions that she puts to him, mostly about love. Hughes describes several of the poems, particularly ‘Lovesong’, ‘The Lovepet’Read MoreEssay about The Trickster in Myth2146 Words   |  9 PagesThe Trickster in Myth Trickster myths, a significant part of most cultures if not all, have permeated the legends and folklore of peoples since the early days of civilized man. The ancient Greeks had Hermes, the Chinese the Monkey King, and the Native American Indians the coyote. These diverse tricksters found within cultures often have many commonalities with each other, and then, often they do not. 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A fool can be described as one who is deficient in judgment, sense, or understanding and also can be someone who acts unwisely on a given occasion. A trickster is defined as someone that swindles or plays tricks. Often a trickster is a mischievous or roguish figure in myth or folklore.(Websters Online Dictionary) Fools and trickster are used frequently in poetry andRead MoreVictor Frankenstein Ambition Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately punishment for acting like a god. Arrogance is a characteristic that Victor and Prometheus possess, both believing they can manipulate their world. Victor Frankenstein demonstrates his arrogance for the natural world throughout the novel, even predicting â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me† (Shelley 84). The quest to further science leads Victor to believe he can become a creator of life. Prometheus manipulates nature

How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements Free Essays

How effective are Celebrity Endorsements Ever since the start of commercial radio in the 20’s and the since the first silver screen entered the market, broadcasting messages by celebrities has been a tool employed to endorse products. †Just about every star was associated with one sponsor’s product he or she plugged. †(1). We will write a custom essay sample on How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years celebrity endorsement became an essential part of marketing (more than 25% of television ads feature celebrities)(5), for the endorser it became an easy way of generating an income while for the endorsing company it became a guaranteed way to reach a wide segment of potential clients. With the cost of celebrity endorsement deals reaching astronomical highs, one has to address the effectiveness of such expenditures on a company’s marketing plan and whether the economic result justifies the high cost associated with it. A better understanding to the aspects of celebrity endorsement is imperative in analyzing its worthiness; it starts with the nature of the endorser and with a main question of â€Å"who is a celebrity endorser? † A celebrity endorser is defined as â€Å"an individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement† (2). It is not the just the TV or movie stars, it encompasses people from the world of sports, politics and business among other fields. The role also varies from endorsing a product in an explicit mode as in â€Å"I endorse†, implicit mode as in â€Å"I use†, imperative mode as in â€Å"we should use† ,co-present mode in which a celebrity appears with the product and the cases where the endorser is an expert in the range of the product manufacturing or usage. No matter what role the celebrity takes â€Å"to persuade the target audience and push them towards purchase†(3) is the key factor in the success of the campaign. Various psychological researches produced two main models that endorsers fall into the credibility model (4) and the source attractiveness model (4). The Credibility model ties the success of the endorser by how trustworthy and how much knowledge and expertise he portrays to the viewer while the source attractiveness model relates the success of an endorser by his or her physical appearance behavior and how much can the viewer relate to him or her. Few variations to the two main models exist however one role stays consistent with any model we explore and that is the persuasive role that the celebrity has to play. In addition to the different models a celebrity endorser might fit into a cultural categorization applies when identifying endorsers as well. Observing various different endorsements ads it becomes evident that certain celebrities represents certain classes in society and are meant to target that class. Celebrities targeting upper class audience are different than the ones targeting middle class and lower class, while celebrities targeting one gender or one age group are different than the other. The same differentiation applies to lifestyles, demographics and behaviors if the targeted market. It becomes evident that choosing a successful endorser requires careful attention to be paid to the target audience and to the endorser to ensure compatibility. This compatibility becomes the base of a successful endorsement campaign. Consumers have become aware and accustomed to a marketers approach, they understand the intentions of a marketer and subconsciously raise a wall to block his attempt at reaching them, and it’s a natural defense mechanism that a person uses when feeling pressured to purchase or associates the attempts of a marketer to pervious experiences. And while the average consumer is learning to block marketers, fascination with movie stars and celebrities has always increased and reached all time highs with the introduction of reality TV. Now potential consumers are interested and have access to every minor detail in a celebrity’s life for the most part, this fascination opens the door to a different relationship that is built between a consumer and a celebrity. A celebrity is no longer just an idol but they become an everyday advisor in the sense of fashion, lifestyle and even relationships. This bond that is created between the viewer and a celebrity helps understand the effectiveness that endorsements have where marketers have failed. The celebrity builds character in the eyes of the public and that character carries on into the product he is endorsing, and even though a part of the persuasion has to exist in the product itself, but a celebrity uses his status and the character he has built to gain credibility and likeability among the target audience. This character the celebrity transfers to the product is known as the â€Å"meaning â€Å"(2). The transfer of the meaning to the product goes through three stages. The first stage is in finding the celebrity with the desired meaning that they want to carry to the product this requires casting from the wide world of celebrity endorsers. The second stage is choosing which celebrity embodies the meaning the marketing campaign requires for the product, this stage is subject to expense restraints and availability. After deciding on an endorser stage three is the most complicated stage as in this step the endorser has to be able to transfer that meaning into the product, they have to make this meaning â€Å"available to the consumer in a material form†(2), this stage allows the consumer to accept the meaning they are given and accept the product and you use is a tool to build their own character. These three steps not only transfer the character of the endorser to the consumer but form a bond with them and the satisfaction from the product will add value to future endorsements. All these added values become part of the character of each endorser and that becomes the determinant in his or her success. The consumer is influenced by the character the endorser transfers into the product in two distinct methods, identification and internalization. Identification is defined as the attempt of a consumer â€Å"to believe the meaning or image portrayed by a celebrity endorser† (6), while internalization is defined as the acceptance of a consumer of an idea that conforms to â€Å"his or her values or belief systems† (6) when introduced by an expert. Differentiating between those two methods would determine further the method of pairing the right product with the right endorser. An expert endorsing a product that requires higher consumer involvement or that is considered highly valued or technological seem to have better success then a celebrity endorsing the same product. This result is due to the fact that products requiring higher involvement by the consumer to use or products with higher value require a higher level of understanding for the product explaining why internalization is more effective. In return a celebrity endorsing a product requiring less consumer involvement or a product that is presented by the image it portray would have a higher success than an expert endorsing the same product. This is explained by understanding the nature of appeal of these products, with a high emphasis put on image and emotional association which is highlighted by the likeness to the celebrity endorsing. All consumers purchasing a product understand that with their purchase a certain level of risk is involved and only when the return they expect themselves earning is higher than the perceived risk will they commit to a purchase. Various studies were performed (6) to understand the nature of nature of perceived risk by the consumer and the effect of the endorser on it. The results are important to analyze, as understanding how to lower the perceived risk will serve towards more successful product sales. Studies(6) indicated that an expert endorser of a higher technological product (a computer served as the product for the study) succeeded in reducing the perceived risk by the consumer, while celebrity endorser reduced the perceived risk by consumers towards a low technological, peripherally processed product (clothing served as the product for the study. Even though there are other risks that remain beyond the effect of the endorser such as financial risk however choosing the right endorser has a direct effect on the result of the marketing campaign and impacts part of perceived risk by the consumer towards the product. These studies draw a wider picture of how not only should we evaluate the endorser by the consumer’s attitude towards them but also by their effect on reducing the risk related to a product that a consumer considers in its evaluation. Now that the selection process of an endorser and the guidelines followed in order to insure their effectiveness is explained we turn our attention to how we evaluate their effectiveness on two main goals of a marketing campaign, brand recognition and sales. Brand recognition and branding has evolved from traditionally being viewed as a marketing function to being viewed as â€Å"heart of the business activity† (7). It became an essential asset that has to be managed and its performance evaluated in terms of marketing efficiency and asset valuation. To create value in branding a company has to create a unique and strong brand association among consumers. The consumer’s role in creating a strong brand is essential since the higher the awareness between consumers to the product the more valued a brand becomes thus resulting in equity brand measured by consumer perception rather than quantitative figures. The stronger the relationship a consumer has with a brand the stronger a brand is and this concept of brand-consumer relationship is explained by examining how a consumer achieves self consistency by purchasing products they perceive as a reflection of themselves this is defined as the â€Å"image congruence hypothesis† (7) in which consumers compare their perceptions about product to their own values and choose the one closest. 1. Ted Sherman, â€Å"History Of Celebrity Endorsement† (July 2010) 2. Grant McCracken, â€Å"Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process† Journal of consumer research , (December 1989) 3. Colleen Bee, Scott A Jones â€Å"Who is trying to Persuade me? Exploring consumer Interpretations of Endorsement based Advertising â€Å" (December 2007) 4. Hovland, Carl I and Walter Weiss (1951-1952), â€Å"The influence of Source Credibility on communication effectiveness† 5. 6. Dipayan Biswas and Abhijit Biswas, â€Å"The Differential Effects of Celebrity and Expert Endorsements on consumer Risk Preception†(June 2006) 7. How to cite How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements, Papers

Adding the Regression Results Scatter Plot -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Adding The Regression Results Scatter Plot? Answer: Introducation In todays world, education is not a luxury anymore; rather it has become essential to compete in the corporate work society. The main purpose of this report is to understand the influence of duration of education on wages (Veramendi Humphries and Heckman 2016). In this report a linear regression analysis along with other statistical descriptive analyses has been conducted to determine the relationship between the number of years of education received and corresponding wages per hour. Background Education is considered to be an investment in terms of human capital, the distinct productivity that an individual can provide. Consequently, higher level education can be regarded as a greater capital and a more assured investment (Strauss and Strauss 2018). Thus, from an economists point of interest, comprehending the relation between wages and years of education through appropriate quantitative analysis is of paramount importance. Method A sample of size 100 has been considered for this particular report. Corresponding years of experiences and hourly wages are provided in the data set (Binabaj et al. 2014). The methodology of regression analysis has been used to test whether there is any association between the number of years an individual has received education and his or her hourly wage (Guvenen and Rendall 2015). Two descriptive tables, consisting of the respective means, medians, modes and the ranges of the two variables have been provided in this report to have a basic understanding of the nature of the data sets. Analysis of a scatter plot is also considered, where the years of education is considered as the independent variable. Results Two descriptive tables are provided for the two columns in the data. Mean, median, standard deviation long with range and the minimum and maximum values are presented in the table for the respective labels. Year of Education Mean 13.76 Standard Error 0.272704376 Median 13 Standard Deviation 2.727043761 Range 15 Minimum 6 Maximum 21 Earnings per hour Mean 22.3081 Standard Error 1.402143746 Median 19.39 Standard Deviation 14.02143746 Range 72.06 Minimum 4.33 Maximum 76.39 A scatter diagram has been constructed with years of education considered to be the independent variable. Thus it is plotted along the horizontal axis (X axis). The linear trend line along with the corresponding equation and the R-squared value are also shown in the graph. As per the linear trend line, it is evident that there exists a positive linear trend among the variables of concern. In other words, there exists a positive linear relation between years of education and earnings per hour. A detailed regression analysis table is provided to estimate the regression equation. As considered earlier, the regression equation is to be estimated is an equation of wages on education. Implying number of educational years is considered as the independent variable and the other variable is the dependent one (Austin and Steyerber 2015). The estimated regression equation is (as approximated from the scatter plot) In terms of the relevant subject it can be expressed as From the above equation, values of hourly wages can be calculated by putting in subsequent values of the number of years of education. The general formula for the regression equation of y on x is given by The slope or to be precise the regression coefficient is referred to the coefficient of the independent variable in the regression equation which is in the general equation. It is defined as the ratio of the vertical change with respect to the horizontal change, which is known as the rise over run. Basically, slope of a regression equation of y on x, portrays the change in y in accordance to the change in x. The linear regression equation of wages on education is given by Thus in case of the above equation, slope is 2.1238. Interpretation of the slope is that a year of education is needed to increase the hourly wages by units. From the scatter plot and the regression analysis table, it can be inferred that although there exists a very crude linear relation between the variables, there is very little association between the two. At least from the data provided, no such associations can be seen. From the regression table, the R-squared value is found to be 0.1706 (approximately). R-squared value represents the level of variation, in percentage, in the dependent variable that could be elucidated by the independent variable (Austin and Steyerberg 2015). Thus, in this case, total years of education by an individual can describe only 17.06% of the variation in the hourly wages of those individuals. Hence, it can be concluded from the regression equation that the goodness of fit is very poor. Predicted value of the wages for those who have 12 and 14 years of education are to be calculated using the calculation regression equation. Putting the values of x as 12 and 14, the values obtained are The difference in the hourly wages of individuals having 14 and 12 years of education as calculated by the regression equation is . Discussion In conclusion, the report depicts a small scale of association between the two relevant variables. Slope of the equation is 2.1238, which does not depict a very high steep, implying lees association. However, there exists a linear trend or regression line with 17.06% goodness of fitting. From the scatter plot it is evident that most of the data is concerned with those who have received education between 12 and 16 years. In spite of that, there is a distinct variation in the hourly wages (Bttner and Thomsen 2015). Apart from that only 100 sample observations have been provided which may not be appropriate to decide on such a wide and vast subject. With a higher number of samples and that too with more varied range of years of education, a much more precise conclusion could be obtained (Meyer and Thomsen 2016). The p-value indicates that the null hypothesis, which states that there exists a linear relation between the variables, should be rejected. Thus it is evident that there exists no linear relation among these variables. Recommendations The first recommendation would be to gather a more relevant and widely spread data. It has been made clear that this is an important subject matter to do research. Thus, proper statistical sampling techniques should be applied and relevant data must be gathered. Since most of the data has been collected with those who have received education from 12 to 16 years, it is obvious that the data has a certain sense of biasedness. Mean, median and mode of the number of years of education are much closer than those of earnings per hour. Thus appropriate normality tests should be carried out to check for the normality of the respective distributions (Park 2015). Education and wages clearly have a positive correlation but their relation is not linear. Thus appropriate regression analysis needs to be carried out find the relevant nature of relation among these variables. References Austin, P.C. and Steyerberg, E.W., 2015. The number of subjects per variable required in linear regression analyses.Journal of clinical epidemiology,68(6), pp.627-636. Binabaj, F.B., Farhangfar, H., Azizian, S., Jafari, M. and Hassanpour, K., 2014. Logistic Regression Analysis of Some Factors Influencing Incidence of Retained Placenta in a Holstein Dairy Herd.Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science,4(2). Bttner, B. and Thomsen, S.L., 2015. Are we spending too many years in school? Causal evidence of the impact of shortening secondary school duration.German Economic Review,16(1), pp.65-86. Guvenen, F. and Rendall, M., 2015. Women's emancipation through education: A macroeconomic analysis.Review of Economic Dynamics,18(4), pp.931-956. Meyer, T. and Thomsen, S.L., 2016. How important is secondary school duration for postsecondary education decisions? Evidence from a natural experiment.Journal of Human Capital,10(1), pp.67-108. Moon, K.W., 2016. Adding the Regression Results in Scatter Plot. InLearn ggplot2 Using Shiny App(pp. 247-254). Springer International Publishing. Park, H.M., 2015. Univariate analysis and normality test using SAS, Stata, and SPSS. Strauss, V., and Strauss, V. (2018).Report: Does money matter in education?.Washington Post. Retrieved 25 January 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/report-does-money-matter-in- education/2012/01/05/gIQAM8AweP_blog.html?utm_term=.2cb6606468b2 Veramendi, G., Humphries, J.E. and Heckman, J.J., 2016.Returns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking(No. id: 10908).