Is Globalization A New Phenomenon?

Is Globalization A New Phenomenon? Globalization is an extremely mind boggling topic that lights many warmed discussions among geographers, scientists and the overall population the same. In spite of the fact that it might be interlinked with numerous expressions, for example, worldwide interconnectedness an endeavor to characterize this in one sentence would be pointless, as even with much conversation; the decent variety of perspectives that this term includes is excessively wide of a range for anybody to reach a solitary resolution. There are numerous ideas of globalization and as Aart-Scholte (2005) has unmistakably authenticated most existing investigation of globalization is imperfect because of repetitive ideas interlinked to the thought. Universalization speaks to the most broad viewpoint of globalization, where the presentation of outside standards and societies overall haze the limits isolating countries and reduces a countries very uniqueness. Internationalization, advancement and westernization are additio nally ideas regularly connected to globalization, which manage the more social, affordable and political effects of this procedure. As the topic being referred to spins more around the monetary and political intensity of globalization substantially more accentuation will be nucleated inside these limits. The well established inquiry numerous creators appear to debate about is the historical backdrop of globalization. Is globalization another marvel? Creators who associate globalization to internationalization and progression see this procedure as one that had waited since the early colonialist periods. Zevin (1992), Wade (1996), Hirst Thompson (1999), ORourke Williamson (1999) through exploration have acquired conditional proof that degrees of exchange, relocation and speculation between nations were at that point conspicuous in the late nineteenth century. Subsequently coming to their meaningful conclusion that there is the same old thing in contemporary globalism considerably more persuading. On the opposite different creators locate that worldwide relations just sprouted after advances in innovation that streamlines the availability of individuals and the media across huge spans with mechanical developments, for example, the innovation of the fly plane and PC organize, with what h as been considered the primary worldwide insurgency and new real factors by creators, for example, Drucker (1989) and King Schneider (1991). All the more all things considered, I discover the focuses raised by creators like Roland Roberts (1994) to be considerably more convincing as the possibility that globalization started with what has been supposed to be a germination stage in the fifteenth to the mid eighteenth century and unavoidably take off inside the time of the mid nineteenth century bodes well. As of right now the globalization rate is shocking, where branches, for example, Walmart, Sony and even Tesco are spreading out from their homelands to country states. As these gigantic enterprises are beginning to command the more strategically and socially compliant littler regions the monetary control lays in the hand of these worldwide organizations. Further discussion can bring the end in any case, regardless of whether it might profit the country states with openings for work and presentation to current innovation, yet the possibility of misuse should consistently weigh intensely in the rear of ones psyche. As financial advantage will without a doubt leak from the country states to where the principle branch might be found. The statist method of administration was extraordinarily polished before the blast of globalization. At the point when globalization started to widen its scale this decreased what used to be a progressively free type of administration. As not exclusively were most country states commanded by polycentric guidelines they were additionally allowed the chance to connect abroad, nations they might not have had the option to associate with previously. The suprastates and worldwide law may have a specific measure of command over the littler territories anyway with the improvement of worldwide monetary forms, even the most impressive state has no authority over cash supplies and trade rates. Worldwide relations scholars examine what was known as the Westphalian form, achieved during the 1600s. The tranquility of Westphalia formalized the cutting edge idea of an arrangement of sovereign states. With this power, much like imperialism, each state would practice and command their regional ward. Because of quickened globalization the Westphalian rehearses had fallen into neglect. Huge scope globality made it unimaginable for statist developments of sovereignity to keep its administration over the assigned regional space. Again as referenced previously, the legislature can't keep track with the electronic cash moves and reported laborers in a universe of quickly creating innovation. One of numerous issues burdening the present reality is neediness. World Bank figures (2001) with respect to the populace that live on not exactly what could be compared to $1 every day dropped from 1.4 billion people in 1980 to 1.2 billion out of 2001. Pundits however have contended that the philosophies utilized in these figurings have changed over this period, so the figures can't be securely thought about (Wade, 2002). Worldwide exchange better the circumstance of destitution as NICs increment fares of worldwide products and enterprises. For example China significantly increased between the long stretches of 1978 and 1993 with the opening up of worldwide business. This isn't generally the situation as not many nations reach NIC status and worldwide exchange leads just as worldwide money related emergencies carry repulsive effects on the needy individuals. As indicated by Coote (1996) essential wares have more unfortunate nations depending on sends out yet even with an expansion i n globalization there was a consistent decline in benefit from exchange the 1970s. World costs of essential items in mid 1990s remained at its most minimal level since 1930s (ul Haq et al. 1995:29). Obviously the issue of destitution even with the guarantees that accompany globalization, for example work business and the development of industry, has not been totally been destroyed. There are numerous worries that globalization has had its effect upon. One of which being wrongdoing. Globalization makes more chances to battle wrongdoing. Trend setting innovation builds the effectiveness of reconnaissance and counter fear units subsequently hypothetically making the crime percentage decline. Be that as it may, taking a gander at it in an alternate point of view globalization give crooks significant instruments to perpetrate unlawful goes about as does organizing, presented with globalization, reinforce the obligation of incredible criminal associations. Illegal tax avoidance currently remains at levels proportional to 2-5 percent of the world GDP per annum (FATF, 2004) Tranquility on the far edge of the range is likewise vigorously influenced by globalization. Worldwide availability presents disincentives for war among OEDC states. The marking of the atomic non-expansion arrangement system, built up in 1968 through the IAEA, debilitated the spread of atomic weapons to more state arms stockpiles. This bargain, anyway fruitless, was an endeavor to control the arms pace of which worldwide administration makes increasingly sensible. Worldwide reach, in any case, can send military mediations from north to south effortlessly. The advances in innovation additionally help raise the dangerous limits of war. As referenced before having media so effectively open the profile of fear based oppressor legislative issues will be extraordinarily featured henceforth prompting sentiments of vulnerability and weakness among the overall population. Social attachment is a significant focal point inside the field of globalization. Neoliberalism abuses the social connection and takes a gander at it as an opposition for a spot in the worldwide commercial center. Which prompts a trouble and no aggregate intrigue. Anyway an ensured state-country nation society-unit developed with huge scope development of worldwide spaces makes this attachment unfeasible. Globalization however perhaps beneficial to the uprising of social union may cause the direct inverse. As raised by Scholte (2004) of how the worldwide common society has regularly subverted instead of forward social combination. Worldwide relations may prompt an absence of closeness as mechanical advances would advance web gatherings and individual gatherings would however be a relic of past times. Organizations clutch constrained long haul responsibilities and laborers have limited open doors locally before the work advertise calls them. Biology assumes a significant job in the subject of globalization as the connection among people and the earth is similarly as significant as the connection between countries. Nature is profoundly flighty and with innovation connected to globalization forecast of cataclysmic events is conceivable with satellite reconnaissance and advanced preparing. Having propelled media inclusion can lessen the deplorable result of a catastrophic event and furthermore bring issues to light for help across countries. Take Haiti for instance, an exceptionally broadcasted debacle of which media is assuming a huge job for alleviation, the Hope for Haiti advantage. There is additionally a ruin to the progressions of innovation as contamination is commonly the result of new advancements. For example, planes and motorships present incredible dangers to the ocean and air with the measure of waste it produces. Likewise as globalization has effectively made the world littler with headways in the vehicle fram ework, a few organizations; chiefly those that produce exceptionally poisonous waste items, have gone worldwide to a limited extent to move at destinations where ecological guidelines are less severe (Heerings and Zeldenrust, 1995). Subsequently anticipating a gradually weakening condition. As globalization is an especially expansive topic it is hard to control myself into a specific boundary. The procedure of globalization addresses most parts of human geology, as it influences not just the social and political parts of a nation and its relationship with the world, yet additionally natural issues. It is highly unlikely in stopping this procedure, as it is one for inescapable improvement subsequently management is vital to decide positive outcomes. All out: 1521 words

Nike and its Approach to Corporate Responsibility Essay

Nike and its Approach to Corporate Responsibility - Essay Example All things considered, huge and global endeavors face significant doubt by the expansive open maybe because of that the desires for society with respect to business has immensely changed as of late. The matter of business shouldn’t be simply ‘business’, yet it needs to stretch out its commitment to social equity, network government assistance, monetary turn of events and nature of public activity too. This bit of paper examines the corporate social obligation of Nike and gives a top to bottom investigation of Nike’s social duty activities as of late by utilizing vital examination devices. 1.1-Nike’s Corporate Social Responsibility Nike Inc, world’s number-one shoe and clothing organization, plans and creates athletic footwear, attire, types of gear and assistants to showcase them around the world. It offers its sports items to its clients through its own retails stores and web separated from autonomous merchants and retailers (Reuters.com, 201 3). Nike Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, USA, has been positioned #126 by Fortune 500 Companies (Hoovers.com, 2013). In the midst of certain issues identified with representatives poor working conditions in Nike’s fabricating focuses including Indonesia and that media just as NGOs have as of late given more noteworthy significance about Nike’s issues of obligation towards its partners, the organization took a positive vital route to its corporate social duty. It investigated new reasonable plan of action to set up the organization an alternate working condition. As of late, Nike has changed the manner in which it worked and it created center for its social obligation around improving employees’ working conditions in its contracted production lines focusing on carbon impartiality so as to keep up supportable business by making sports accessible to youths over the world (mallenbaker.net, 2013). 1.2-Corporate Social Responsibility The essentialness of CSR has been constantly expanding in the business settings throughout the previous barely any years and this can be clear from the way that in excess of 90 percent of the Fortune-500 organizations do have unequivocal social obligation activities (Bueble, 2009, p. 1). As this term is recognized from Corporate, Social and Responsibility, it is extremely evident that it alludes to the duties that are intrinsic in the connection among corporate and the general public (Werther and Chandler, 2006, p. 6). Kotler and Lee (2005, p. 3) explain the idea of CSR that it is a responsibility of an undertaking to improve network prosperity through optional administration exercises. The social obligation of an endeavor includes society’s financial, lawful, moral and other optional desires from that venture (Sims, 2003, p. 43). The fundamental four components of CSR are practical, legitimate, moral and optional obligations a business is relied upon to satisfy (Pearson and Robinson, 2004, p. 50). Consequen tly, it is normal that a business need to ensure human rights (Banerjee, 2009, p. 94), continue common habitat (Banerjee, 2009,

Machine Shops, Part 1

Machine Shops, Part 1 In response to a request from a current applicant, Im proud to present to you a virtual tour of some of MITs machine shops. As you can imagine, especially considering that our official motto is Latin for Mind and Hand, MIT is very big on hands-on projects. To facilitate this, there is a wide variety of places around campus where you can get your hands on some power tools- of the large variety. One of the principle machine shops on campus is Pappalardo Lab. This is the lab space used by Course 2 students (Course 2 is Mechanical Engineering, for those of you keeping track at home). Pappalardo is home to a wide range of Course 2 resources. The primary component is the shop area- but nearby are also several conference rooms for group design meetings as well as a couple of labs for classes like 2.004 and 2.14 (controls) and 2.671 (experimentation). Luckily for you, Ive been taking photos for my lab reports in 2.671. This was the setup for a lab where we analyzed the gas velocity profile of laminar flow of nitrogen in a long tube. Notice all the wires. Each lab station has several power supplies, handheld multimeters, a function generator, and an oscilloscope. In other words, theres a high concentration of toys per lab bench. This is the setup for an experiment where we measured the speed of sound in various gases. This is Adelaide 09 (my lab partner AND next door neighbor- how convenient!) thinking hard about the output of our sensors shown on the oscilloscope. Thats fun and everything, but the real fun part of Pappalardo is the machine shop. Every Course 2 student gets to know Pappalardo very well over the years- they typically take 2.670 (a class where you build a Sterling engine) IAP of sophomore year, 2.007 in the spring of sophomore year, and 2.009 in the fall of senior year. (If youd like to see more about 2.007, all students who take the class are required to create a website about it- you can check out mine here.) So, after all of that intro, are you ready for the pictures? Pappalardo has An entire row of lathes. (Lathes are machines that can be used to create cylindrical parts, for example a pin that needs a groove or a rod that needs a varying diameter.) Even more milling machines. (A milling machine has a bit called an end mill which is controlled by 3 axes. You can do lots of cool things on a milling machine- from drilling a hole at a precise location to engraving a pattern.) There are also lots of bandsaws, drill presses, chalkboard space, and a shower. Not sure exactly why this is here, but its probably part of a prototype environment for a 2.009 project. More 2.009 projects And a nice view of all of the available table space. Another machine shop on campus is the Hobby Shop. The Hobby Shop requires a membership fee, but its the only place (that I know of) on campus with woodworking capabilities. Also, since its run by an alum rather than a major academic department and caters to people doing cool stuff for fun rather than official for-credit projects, the Hobby Shop has a more lived-in feel than Pappalardo: The Hobby Shop also has a rather impressive supply of materials: Otherwise, the Hobby Shop is pretty typical, and has most of what youd expect, like drill presses, milling machines, saws, and a waterjet? Dont get me wrong, waterjets are awesome (they spray sandy water at such high velocities that it can actually cut through steel and create really precise and detailed patters which can be really hard to machine with other methods) but I was surprised to find one in the Hobby Shop. I had been under the impression that the shop was exclusively full of woodworking tools, but apparently not. A couple of Hobby Shop members work on a table theyre building. But no matter where you go Safety first, of course. =) The good news is, this isnt even half of the machine shops on campus. The bad news is, I can only take so many pictures at a time. Consider this a first installment, and stay tuned for the next one, which will feature the Lab for Manufacturing and Productivity, the Course 16 (Areo/Astro) lab space, and the Edgerton Center machine shop. EDIT: You can read part 2 here: Machine Shops, Part 2.

Climate Change Is Essential For Health - 2424 Words

Why do we think is climate change so essential? Global climate change is now recognised as one of the foremost environmental challenge of the 21st century and there are very strong evidences for human influence on climate change through emissions of green house gases (like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, methane from other sources). Climate change is essential for health in two main ways- first, it is now necessary to learn to adapt to climate change as some degree of climate change appears inevitable and there is a need to consider how to protect the population against its adverse impacts. Secondly, there is much a need to mitigate which means to reduce the human impact of climate change through reduction of green house gases, changes in energy use, transportation sector (reducing toxic air pollution)1. It is a known fact that climate change has the potential to damage human development across many countries, including India. India is confronted with increased global climate change threat amidst the challenge of sustaining rapid economic growth. Evidences have shown that climate change not only affects the quality and distribution of India’s natural resources, but also ultimately threatens the livelihoods of the most poor and marginalised sector that are closely attached to India’s natural resources for their daily needs and development as half of the population are engaged in agriculture and allied sectors2. While developing countries like India are responsibleShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Climate Change On Urban Areas871 Words   |  4 Pagesdetrimental effects as the climate is becoming unfavourable daily. This essay outlines the significant impacts caused by climate changes in urban areas and evaluates the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation approaches to solv e these problems. However, the effects due to climate change should be considered and significant procedures should be taken immediately. Climate change is causing several impacts in urban areas. Firstly, climate change has affected the health of people either directlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Rural People Of Nepal1220 Words   |  5 PagesAll these changes tend to contribute to reduce agricultural productivity resulting in either increased prices or food shortages. While other impacts of climate change include increased forest fires due to the extended dry period, and increase pest and diseases of crops, livestock and human population (LFP, 2010). Thus, the unparalleled impacts of climate change extended to effects on ecosystem, health, food production, water resources, agriculture and livelihood (IPCCC, 2001). With developing countriesRead MoreGlobal Health And Climate Change1525 Words   |  7 Pagesmost significant global health issue in the United States (U.S.) and one that poses the most danger is climate change. 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The in ¬tergovernmental panel on climate change has determined that a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (compared with 1990 levels) by 2050 will be necessary to stabilize the global temperature increase at 2–2Read MoreEssay On The Future1090 Words   |  5 Pagescontrolling parameters, biological function of living organisms and their interaction to the environment, and develop new technologies to protect the environment and public health. My challenge is to get a more complete picture of these issues in the near future which could help to resolve the problems of global climate change and use the CO2 and other greenhouse gases for beneficial purposes as a potential natural resources. In the short term, I will continue working on several problems ofRead MoreWater Scarcity in the USA Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesintensified. These factors, in conjunction with certain economic trends, precipitation, and global climate changes, pose difficult challenges in the years to come. The World Health Organization defines domestic water as being â€Å"water used for all usual domestic purposes including consumption, bathing and food preparation† (World Health Organization, 2003). Ample supplies of clean domestic water are essential for drinking, cooking, hygiene, and various amenities. Most importantly, water is critical to

Trickster-God-Creator - 1433 Words

Tricksters appear in the mythology and folklore of many cultures around the world. Although the power and relative divinity of each Trickster varies from tradition to tradition, Tricksters have important roles in the creation, development, and sometimes destruction, of each culture. The Coyote of Native North American traditions is often depicted as assisting the â€Å"Great Mystery† or â€Å"Great Spirit† in the creating and populating of the world (Leeming). In the Greek myths Hermes is initially a sly infant who captures a tortoise with his untruths and fashions the first lyre from its shell, but eventually transitions to a place amongst the Olympic pantheon as the messenger of the gods. In the Norse myths of the Scandinavian countries, Loki is a†¦show more content†¦Coyote is sometimes purely self-concerned, such as in the Sioux story of â€Å"Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock† (Leeming 50-2), providing the subject for cautionary morality tales. He is als o often the victim of his own pride, such as his attempt to stay awake by propping open his eyes in order to be the first to arrive at Spirit Chiefs lodge at dawn and receive a new name. Coyote falls asleep anyway, retains his name, and creates a permanent slant in his eyes (Dove 17-26). At other times, however, Coyote is selfless and miraculous. In the tale of â€Å"Montezuma and Coyote in Canoes,† from the Papago tradition of Arizona, after the Great Mystery has made the earth, and people have been made to populate it, led by Montezuma, Coyote comes to the great leader of men and instructs the chief to build a canoe. Montezuma doesnt understand why he would need a canoe, but before long a flood of Biblical magnitude washes away the land, and only Coyote and Montezuma survive to lead the new people the Great Mystery creates to repopulate (Leeming 110-11). It would seem easier to allow even the chief to perish in the flood if Coyote really is purely the self-important Trickst er so often depicted, but he seems intuitively to know that Montezuma will be a better leader to â€Å"teach the people all the things they would need to know to survive† (111). Similarly, in the story of â€Å"Coyote and the Footrace,† Coyote allows his own son to be killed in order to teach the rituals for burial of the deadShow MoreRelated Mythology Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesevery culture reveal the power of love, with it, its accompanying jealousy and anxiety; the conflict between generations, the old and new, the mischief of the trouble makers and the underlying diversity and stability of human nature. Although their gods sprang forth from diverse and distinctive cultures, the Greek and Egyptian Pantheons share many similarities and differences between one another. 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In the second developed episode he meets a hag by a river. He has to carry the hag across the river while trying to answer questions that she puts to him, mostly about love. Hughes describes several of the poems, particularly ‘Lovesong’, ‘The Lovepet’Read MoreEssay about The Trickster in Myth2146 Words   |  9 PagesThe Trickster in Myth Trickster myths, a significant part of most cultures if not all, have permeated the legends and folklore of peoples since the early days of civilized man. The ancient Greeks had Hermes, the Chinese the Monkey King, and the Native American Indians the coyote. These diverse tricksters found within cultures often have many commonalities with each other, and then, often they do not. 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A fool can be described as one who is deficient in judgment, sense, or understanding and also can be someone who acts unwisely on a given occasion. A trickster is defined as someone that swindles or plays tricks. Often a trickster is a mischievous or roguish figure in myth or folklore.(Websters Online Dictionary) Fools and trickster are used frequently in poetry andRead MoreVictor Frankenstein Ambition Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesultimately punishment for acting like a god. Arrogance is a characteristic that Victor and Prometheus possess, both believing they can manipulate their world. Victor Frankenstein demonstrates his arrogance for the natural world throughout the novel, even predicting â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me† (Shelley 84). The quest to further science leads Victor to believe he can become a creator of life. Prometheus manipulates nature

How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements Free Essays

How effective are Celebrity Endorsements Ever since the start of commercial radio in the 20’s and the since the first silver screen entered the market, broadcasting messages by celebrities has been a tool employed to endorse products. †Just about every star was associated with one sponsor’s product he or she plugged. †(1). We will write a custom essay sample on How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years celebrity endorsement became an essential part of marketing (more than 25% of television ads feature celebrities)(5), for the endorser it became an easy way of generating an income while for the endorsing company it became a guaranteed way to reach a wide segment of potential clients. With the cost of celebrity endorsement deals reaching astronomical highs, one has to address the effectiveness of such expenditures on a company’s marketing plan and whether the economic result justifies the high cost associated with it. A better understanding to the aspects of celebrity endorsement is imperative in analyzing its worthiness; it starts with the nature of the endorser and with a main question of â€Å"who is a celebrity endorser? † A celebrity endorser is defined as â€Å"an individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement† (2). It is not the just the TV or movie stars, it encompasses people from the world of sports, politics and business among other fields. The role also varies from endorsing a product in an explicit mode as in â€Å"I endorse†, implicit mode as in â€Å"I use†, imperative mode as in â€Å"we should use† ,co-present mode in which a celebrity appears with the product and the cases where the endorser is an expert in the range of the product manufacturing or usage. No matter what role the celebrity takes â€Å"to persuade the target audience and push them towards purchase†(3) is the key factor in the success of the campaign. Various psychological researches produced two main models that endorsers fall into the credibility model (4) and the source attractiveness model (4). The Credibility model ties the success of the endorser by how trustworthy and how much knowledge and expertise he portrays to the viewer while the source attractiveness model relates the success of an endorser by his or her physical appearance behavior and how much can the viewer relate to him or her. Few variations to the two main models exist however one role stays consistent with any model we explore and that is the persuasive role that the celebrity has to play. In addition to the different models a celebrity endorser might fit into a cultural categorization applies when identifying endorsers as well. Observing various different endorsements ads it becomes evident that certain celebrities represents certain classes in society and are meant to target that class. Celebrities targeting upper class audience are different than the ones targeting middle class and lower class, while celebrities targeting one gender or one age group are different than the other. The same differentiation applies to lifestyles, demographics and behaviors if the targeted market. It becomes evident that choosing a successful endorser requires careful attention to be paid to the target audience and to the endorser to ensure compatibility. This compatibility becomes the base of a successful endorsement campaign. Consumers have become aware and accustomed to a marketers approach, they understand the intentions of a marketer and subconsciously raise a wall to block his attempt at reaching them, and it’s a natural defense mechanism that a person uses when feeling pressured to purchase or associates the attempts of a marketer to pervious experiences. And while the average consumer is learning to block marketers, fascination with movie stars and celebrities has always increased and reached all time highs with the introduction of reality TV. Now potential consumers are interested and have access to every minor detail in a celebrity’s life for the most part, this fascination opens the door to a different relationship that is built between a consumer and a celebrity. A celebrity is no longer just an idol but they become an everyday advisor in the sense of fashion, lifestyle and even relationships. This bond that is created between the viewer and a celebrity helps understand the effectiveness that endorsements have where marketers have failed. The celebrity builds character in the eyes of the public and that character carries on into the product he is endorsing, and even though a part of the persuasion has to exist in the product itself, but a celebrity uses his status and the character he has built to gain credibility and likeability among the target audience. This character the celebrity transfers to the product is known as the â€Å"meaning â€Å"(2). The transfer of the meaning to the product goes through three stages. The first stage is in finding the celebrity with the desired meaning that they want to carry to the product this requires casting from the wide world of celebrity endorsers. The second stage is choosing which celebrity embodies the meaning the marketing campaign requires for the product, this stage is subject to expense restraints and availability. After deciding on an endorser stage three is the most complicated stage as in this step the endorser has to be able to transfer that meaning into the product, they have to make this meaning â€Å"available to the consumer in a material form†(2), this stage allows the consumer to accept the meaning they are given and accept the product and you use is a tool to build their own character. These three steps not only transfer the character of the endorser to the consumer but form a bond with them and the satisfaction from the product will add value to future endorsements. All these added values become part of the character of each endorser and that becomes the determinant in his or her success. The consumer is influenced by the character the endorser transfers into the product in two distinct methods, identification and internalization. Identification is defined as the attempt of a consumer â€Å"to believe the meaning or image portrayed by a celebrity endorser† (6), while internalization is defined as the acceptance of a consumer of an idea that conforms to â€Å"his or her values or belief systems† (6) when introduced by an expert. Differentiating between those two methods would determine further the method of pairing the right product with the right endorser. An expert endorsing a product that requires higher consumer involvement or that is considered highly valued or technological seem to have better success then a celebrity endorsing the same product. This result is due to the fact that products requiring higher involvement by the consumer to use or products with higher value require a higher level of understanding for the product explaining why internalization is more effective. In return a celebrity endorsing a product requiring less consumer involvement or a product that is presented by the image it portray would have a higher success than an expert endorsing the same product. This is explained by understanding the nature of appeal of these products, with a high emphasis put on image and emotional association which is highlighted by the likeness to the celebrity endorsing. All consumers purchasing a product understand that with their purchase a certain level of risk is involved and only when the return they expect themselves earning is higher than the perceived risk will they commit to a purchase. Various studies were performed (6) to understand the nature of nature of perceived risk by the consumer and the effect of the endorser on it. The results are important to analyze, as understanding how to lower the perceived risk will serve towards more successful product sales. Studies(6) indicated that an expert endorser of a higher technological product (a computer served as the product for the study) succeeded in reducing the perceived risk by the consumer, while celebrity endorser reduced the perceived risk by consumers towards a low technological, peripherally processed product (clothing served as the product for the study. Even though there are other risks that remain beyond the effect of the endorser such as financial risk however choosing the right endorser has a direct effect on the result of the marketing campaign and impacts part of perceived risk by the consumer towards the product. These studies draw a wider picture of how not only should we evaluate the endorser by the consumer’s attitude towards them but also by their effect on reducing the risk related to a product that a consumer considers in its evaluation. Now that the selection process of an endorser and the guidelines followed in order to insure their effectiveness is explained we turn our attention to how we evaluate their effectiveness on two main goals of a marketing campaign, brand recognition and sales. Brand recognition and branding has evolved from traditionally being viewed as a marketing function to being viewed as â€Å"heart of the business activity† (7). It became an essential asset that has to be managed and its performance evaluated in terms of marketing efficiency and asset valuation. To create value in branding a company has to create a unique and strong brand association among consumers. The consumer’s role in creating a strong brand is essential since the higher the awareness between consumers to the product the more valued a brand becomes thus resulting in equity brand measured by consumer perception rather than quantitative figures. The stronger the relationship a consumer has with a brand the stronger a brand is and this concept of brand-consumer relationship is explained by examining how a consumer achieves self consistency by purchasing products they perceive as a reflection of themselves this is defined as the â€Å"image congruence hypothesis† (7) in which consumers compare their perceptions about product to their own values and choose the one closest. 1. Ted Sherman, â€Å"History Of Celebrity Endorsement† (July 2010) 2. Grant McCracken, â€Å"Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process† Journal of consumer research , (December 1989) 3. Colleen Bee, Scott A Jones â€Å"Who is trying to Persuade me? Exploring consumer Interpretations of Endorsement based Advertising â€Å" (December 2007) 4. Hovland, Carl I and Walter Weiss (1951-1952), â€Å"The influence of Source Credibility on communication effectiveness† 5. 6. Dipayan Biswas and Abhijit Biswas, â€Å"The Differential Effects of Celebrity and Expert Endorsements on consumer Risk Preception†(June 2006) 7. How to cite How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements, Papers

Adding the Regression Results Scatter Plot -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Adding The Regression Results Scatter Plot? Answer: Introducation In todays world, education is not a luxury anymore; rather it has become essential to compete in the corporate work society. The main purpose of this report is to understand the influence of duration of education on wages (Veramendi Humphries and Heckman 2016). In this report a linear regression analysis along with other statistical descriptive analyses has been conducted to determine the relationship between the number of years of education received and corresponding wages per hour. Background Education is considered to be an investment in terms of human capital, the distinct productivity that an individual can provide. Consequently, higher level education can be regarded as a greater capital and a more assured investment (Strauss and Strauss 2018). Thus, from an economists point of interest, comprehending the relation between wages and years of education through appropriate quantitative analysis is of paramount importance. Method A sample of size 100 has been considered for this particular report. Corresponding years of experiences and hourly wages are provided in the data set (Binabaj et al. 2014). The methodology of regression analysis has been used to test whether there is any association between the number of years an individual has received education and his or her hourly wage (Guvenen and Rendall 2015). Two descriptive tables, consisting of the respective means, medians, modes and the ranges of the two variables have been provided in this report to have a basic understanding of the nature of the data sets. Analysis of a scatter plot is also considered, where the years of education is considered as the independent variable. Results Two descriptive tables are provided for the two columns in the data. Mean, median, standard deviation long with range and the minimum and maximum values are presented in the table for the respective labels. Year of Education Mean 13.76 Standard Error 0.272704376 Median 13 Standard Deviation 2.727043761 Range 15 Minimum 6 Maximum 21 Earnings per hour Mean 22.3081 Standard Error 1.402143746 Median 19.39 Standard Deviation 14.02143746 Range 72.06 Minimum 4.33 Maximum 76.39 A scatter diagram has been constructed with years of education considered to be the independent variable. Thus it is plotted along the horizontal axis (X axis). The linear trend line along with the corresponding equation and the R-squared value are also shown in the graph. As per the linear trend line, it is evident that there exists a positive linear trend among the variables of concern. In other words, there exists a positive linear relation between years of education and earnings per hour. A detailed regression analysis table is provided to estimate the regression equation. As considered earlier, the regression equation is to be estimated is an equation of wages on education. Implying number of educational years is considered as the independent variable and the other variable is the dependent one (Austin and Steyerber 2015). The estimated regression equation is (as approximated from the scatter plot) In terms of the relevant subject it can be expressed as From the above equation, values of hourly wages can be calculated by putting in subsequent values of the number of years of education. The general formula for the regression equation of y on x is given by The slope or to be precise the regression coefficient is referred to the coefficient of the independent variable in the regression equation which is in the general equation. It is defined as the ratio of the vertical change with respect to the horizontal change, which is known as the rise over run. Basically, slope of a regression equation of y on x, portrays the change in y in accordance to the change in x. The linear regression equation of wages on education is given by Thus in case of the above equation, slope is 2.1238. Interpretation of the slope is that a year of education is needed to increase the hourly wages by units. From the scatter plot and the regression analysis table, it can be inferred that although there exists a very crude linear relation between the variables, there is very little association between the two. At least from the data provided, no such associations can be seen. From the regression table, the R-squared value is found to be 0.1706 (approximately). R-squared value represents the level of variation, in percentage, in the dependent variable that could be elucidated by the independent variable (Austin and Steyerberg 2015). Thus, in this case, total years of education by an individual can describe only 17.06% of the variation in the hourly wages of those individuals. Hence, it can be concluded from the regression equation that the goodness of fit is very poor. Predicted value of the wages for those who have 12 and 14 years of education are to be calculated using the calculation regression equation. Putting the values of x as 12 and 14, the values obtained are The difference in the hourly wages of individuals having 14 and 12 years of education as calculated by the regression equation is . Discussion In conclusion, the report depicts a small scale of association between the two relevant variables. Slope of the equation is 2.1238, which does not depict a very high steep, implying lees association. However, there exists a linear trend or regression line with 17.06% goodness of fitting. From the scatter plot it is evident that most of the data is concerned with those who have received education between 12 and 16 years. In spite of that, there is a distinct variation in the hourly wages (Bttner and Thomsen 2015). Apart from that only 100 sample observations have been provided which may not be appropriate to decide on such a wide and vast subject. With a higher number of samples and that too with more varied range of years of education, a much more precise conclusion could be obtained (Meyer and Thomsen 2016). The p-value indicates that the null hypothesis, which states that there exists a linear relation between the variables, should be rejected. Thus it is evident that there exists no linear relation among these variables. Recommendations The first recommendation would be to gather a more relevant and widely spread data. It has been made clear that this is an important subject matter to do research. Thus, proper statistical sampling techniques should be applied and relevant data must be gathered. Since most of the data has been collected with those who have received education from 12 to 16 years, it is obvious that the data has a certain sense of biasedness. Mean, median and mode of the number of years of education are much closer than those of earnings per hour. Thus appropriate normality tests should be carried out to check for the normality of the respective distributions (Park 2015). Education and wages clearly have a positive correlation but their relation is not linear. Thus appropriate regression analysis needs to be carried out find the relevant nature of relation among these variables. References Austin, P.C. and Steyerberg, E.W., 2015. The number of subjects per variable required in linear regression analyses.Journal of clinical epidemiology,68(6), pp.627-636. Binabaj, F.B., Farhangfar, H., Azizian, S., Jafari, M. and Hassanpour, K., 2014. Logistic Regression Analysis of Some Factors Influencing Incidence of Retained Placenta in a Holstein Dairy Herd.Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science,4(2). Bttner, B. and Thomsen, S.L., 2015. Are we spending too many years in school? Causal evidence of the impact of shortening secondary school duration.German Economic Review,16(1), pp.65-86. Guvenen, F. and Rendall, M., 2015. Women's emancipation through education: A macroeconomic analysis.Review of Economic Dynamics,18(4), pp.931-956. Meyer, T. and Thomsen, S.L., 2016. How important is secondary school duration for postsecondary education decisions? Evidence from a natural experiment.Journal of Human Capital,10(1), pp.67-108. Moon, K.W., 2016. Adding the Regression Results in Scatter Plot. InLearn ggplot2 Using Shiny App(pp. 247-254). Springer International Publishing. Park, H.M., 2015. Univariate analysis and normality test using SAS, Stata, and SPSS. Strauss, V., and Strauss, V. (2018).Report: Does money matter in education?.Washington Post. Retrieved 25 January 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/report-does-money-matter-in- education/2012/01/05/gIQAM8AweP_blog.html?utm_term=.2cb6606468b2 Veramendi, G., Humphries, J.E. and Heckman, J.J., 2016.Returns to Education: The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking(No. id: 10908).

Barack Obama - On the Uprising in Iran free essay sample

Harrison Bergeron Analyisis Essay Example

Harrison Bergeron Analyisis Essay Example Harrison Bergeron Analyisis Paper Harrison Bergeron Analyisis Paper Jasmine Wesson Equality is something people want to achieve but seems too difficult. Equality seems difficult because its such a complex and high goal for everyone to reach. In Harrison Burgeon a fictional short story by Kurt Evensong, total equality has been achieved. The small home of George and Hazel Burgeon, equality had been reached in 2081 but doesnt seem quite right. Throughout Kurt Evensongs short story, and the teaching of total equality he demonstrates how too much of a good thing could go terribly wrong. In Harrison Burgeon total equality Is clearly demonstrated throughout the entire short story but it isnt truly equal. The Handicapper General (Para. 1) helped achieve equality. The equality wasnt true equality though, if someone was smarter than the average person they were required by law to wear a metal radio in their ear that way If you started thinking about something above average they would send a sound to cut off your talking. (Para. ) Everyone was also required to wear a bag full of lead balls around their neck but not everyone carries the same weight as other people. The dancers on television had to wear masks so no one would know how pretty or ugly you were and the prettier you were the more ugly of a mask you were required to wear. The television announcers also had to change the way their voices sounded so their voices wouldnt be attractive. (Para. 39-40) Even though It may seem as if there Is equality in the town there isnt. : Hazel, Georges wife doesnt have to wear a metal handicap In her ear, the ballerina had to wear weights that were worn by 200 pound men, and the Handicap General Is higher than anyone else, which makes the equality Not even truly exist. In Harrison Burgeon the handicap general represents the fairness of society and demonstrates how the view of total fairness is in control by only one person and everyone counts on them regardless of what they themselves think about something. (election. Due/faculty/ Suddenly/sample_essays. Tm) Throughout the start of the short story the message of strength and weakness shines through. When everyone Is equal there Is strength because no one Is In constant compound with anyone else. (Para. 1) Among that strength there is also weakness because not everyone is full equal, not everyone aeries the same weight, wears a metal radio in their ear, and not everyone can become a handicap general. There is also weakness shown when Harrison- George and Hazels son, t akes off all his handicaps and the pretty ballerina dancer takes off her mask. The weakness Is shown because they then become UN-equal and Harrison who represents the Individuality of the world, destroys the societies total equally The year was 2081 and everyone was finally equal When Harrison and the dancer become unequal on national television then the weakness comes through more than the strength of the city does. When strength and weakness is shown throughout the fictional short story there is also the presence of knowledge and ignorance. The knowledge In the story comes when the society found a solution to the total equality problem and everyone was equal to one another. There Is also Ignorance there due having the same weight as Harrison or one another, not everyone wearing metal radios in their ears, etc.. The real ignorance in the story is within the dangers of governmental controls. If the government could easily control how we look, what we see, what we hear then the government is ignorant to think that that is the solution to total equality because then there is no knowledge about equality its Just more rules and governmental control. If there is more ignorance than knowledge then the utopia becomes nothing but a living hell. (redwoods. Due/instruct/Johnston/English B) Even though everyone searches for total equality, it could lead to nothing more but no true equality and even more governmental control; causing everything to crumble before it could really even begin. : elation. Due/faculty/suddenly/sample_essays. HTML redwoods. Due/instruct/Johnston/English B Harrison Burgeon by Kurt Evensong

Scholarly Paper Caring for Individuals, families and groups Research

Scholarly Caring for Individuals, families and groups - Research Paper Example (A Nation Free...p.2) The factors such as geographic location, mental health, age, gender, socioeconomic status, religion are found to be main determinants in health care discrimination. Lack of insurance is the biggest barrier, more than any other economic or demographic barrier that affects the quality of health care received by these groups. They constitute about one-third of the U.S. population, but make up more than half of the 50 million people who are uninsured. Of the total 50 million people who are uninsured, almost half belongs to the racial and ethnic group; while they constitute only one-third of the U.S. population. Reforms under the Affordable Care Act have to be seen in above light and it is likely to be a boon for many and may be a bane for someone. Some of the significant milestones of the act can be described as per the following. Benefits to Children and Senior Citizens The reforms have brought new rights and benefits for children and to those under the age of 26 t o stay on their parent's health insurance. It has also ended annual limits on care. The new act provides 50% discounts on brand-name drugs to seniors in Medicare and it also provides tax credit to small businesses for extending insurance to employees. Providing Access to Insurance for Uninsured Americans with Pre-Existing Conditions Uninsured Americans with Pre-Existing Conditions A Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP) is made for individuals who are uninsured for at least six months for that reason. States are also free to run the new programs. The Department of Health and Human Services will run the plan, if the state does not have a plan. This program will serve as a bridge until 2014, when any discrimination against pre-existing conditions will not be allowed. The act will have influences on health and caring across wide section of ethnic minorities in varied ways. Though, the Affordable Care Act is formulated to provide the health for all but it essentially addresses th e needs of those who had no access to adequate coverage due to their underprivileged status. Well-Being, Health, and Safety of the American People The broad range of health indicators pertaining to racial and ethnic minorities is far worse than their non-Hispanic White counterparts hence well-being of these people needs special attention. Hence need is to create an environment that can control chronic diseases and associated risk factors. The effective community-based programs and policies can reduce and tackle the disparities in health standards. (A Nation free†¦p4) Racial and Ethnic Minority It is true that all American citizens do not have equal access to health care. Various racial and ethnic minorities, low-income groups and most of the underprivileged populations have higher rates of illness and less treatment options. Mostly, they do not have any insurance coverage for treatment. They’re less likely to get chance of preventive care and will have no access to the t reatment and screenings to stay healthy. Preventing diabetes and heart disease is a tough task for them. Perhaps, this is the group who is going to get the biggest benefits from this new healthcare program. Economical Ways The Affordable Care Act is geared to reduce these disparities regarding health care by improving access to health care for all citizens. This is aimed at bringing down the

War and the Threat of External Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War and the Threat of External Violence - Essay Example For the presentation of his statement George Orwell chose the art form of social science fiction. The novel just describes a few months of Winston Smith’s life – life of an ordinary member of society, which is built on the principles of Ingsoc (English Socialism), in the fictional superpower Oceania in 1984 (future). A prototype of the future socialist society can be seen quite clear – it was the Soviet Union of the 30-40’s. The mustachioed leader, Big Brother, privileged comrades of the Inner Party, the Thought Police, great cleansings, forced labor camps, a hysterical search for internal enemies, headed by a mythical traitor Goldstein -Trotsky, gloomy atmosphere of general suspicion, squalid life – these are the familiar elements of Stalin’s dictatorship. However, the technologies and methods of society control and suppression of dissent in the book surpass the Soviet realias. Orwell developed the idea of surveillance and brainwashing with more and more sophisticated technical means to manipulate information on a large scale, as it makes impossible any appearance of unauthorized thoughts. The geographic location of the novel is Air Strip One – a huge faceless province of the totalitarian Oceania, which is the allusion of the former UK. The author shows that even the bastion of European democracy with a long tradition of political freedom, which did not surrender to foreign or domestic fascism, can turn into a giant grim prison in 35 years, if people lose their watchfulness. Now, in the atomic age, the world lives in a state of apocalyptic terror. This is the reason why people are so concerned about the motives of the Apocalypse in literature. However, not the Big Brother unleashed atomic and hydrogen apocalyptic monsters. The main problem of the modern society is that it still has not learned how to adapt its lifestyles, social and political institutions to the great achievements of the technical knowledge. We do not know how the atomic and hydrogen bombs influenced consciousness of millions of people living in the East, where pain and fear can be hidden behind the facade of official optimism. This book is an attempt of a geopolitical prognosis. The world in the novel, after World War II and a small period of peace, is engaged in a nuclear war, which started in the 50’s between the former allies. As a result, the territories of Continental Europe go to the USSR; Britain and America are horror-struck by socialist revolutions. The possibility of such a war is historically justified. The allies, members of the anti-fascist coalition had very different geopolitical interests and united only in the face of fascist aggression. Variants of the further division of the world among the great powers, after Germany’s fall, were considered by Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt as well. The military machine of the Red Army gained an unprecedented power by the end of the war and could â€Å" liberate† the whole Europe easily and only the Second Front opening forced Stalin to confine himself to the Eastern half only. The Allies, in turn, were not averse to kill the â€Å"communist contagion.† Actually, after World War II, two superpowers arouse - the USSR and the USA and by the early 50’s they had nuclear weapons and struggled for world domination. But in the real world nuclear arsenals have grown too quickly, making it impossible to win a nuclear war. Moreover, Stalin’

Analysing Public Policy

Analysing Public Policy What is Public Policy? Public policy happens when the government tries to answer a public issue, such as healthcare, education, environmental issues, crime, transportation, foreign policy, and poverty and welfare. Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or what not to do. Whether it is local, state, or federal government they develop public policy by laws, regulations, decisions, and actions. So, behind every decision that is made there is always a process that takes place, setting the agenda, making decisions, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. So, once laws are established they are put into practice in the form of public policy. Public policy affects our quality of life and can also influence the quality of life for those in other countries. In order for public policy to work citizens must participate in the process. A lot of pressure that comes from the outside affects the creation of public policy whether it is for the better of the country or for the worst. Citizens groups as well as commercial groups put pressure on public policy to defend their interest. As lawmakers debate the making of policies and set them in place, it is important for citizens and outside groups to analyze the effects of the policy so that the wrong type of policies are not set into practice. Individuals and groups attempt to shape policy through education, advocacy, or mobilization of interest groups. There are three parts to public policy making: problem, players, and the policy. The problem is the issue that needs to be addressed. The players are the individuals and groups that are influential in forming and implementing a plan to address the problem in question. Policy is the course of action decided upon by the government and public. Public policies are widely open to influence and interpretation by non-governmental players, including those in the non-profit and private sectors. Policies are dynamic, responding to changes in the government and the public interest. What is Policy Analysis? Public policy analysis is determining which of several alternative policies will most achieve a given set of goals no matter the relationship between the policy and the goal. Policy analysis involves a primary concern with explanation rather than prescription. Also it is a sought out search for the cause and consequences of public policies. Furthermore, it is an effort to develop and test general propositions about the causes and consequences of public policy and to continue to accumulate reliable research findings of general relevance. Public policy analysis strives to define the problems addressed by a particular policy, assess the steps taken to address these problems and evaluate the intended and unintended effects. Policy analysis has the greatest potential to improve the policy making process when government decision makers use the results and findings to craft better policy. It occurs in political environment, in which policy makers, elected or otherwise, makes decisions about the allocation of public funds, power and resources. It requires insight, creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems and describing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and then in finding out whether these policies end up making things better or worst. It requires knowledge of economics, political science, public administration, sociology, psychology, laws, statistics, engineering, natural sciences, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Policy analysis is an applied subfield of all of these traditional disciplines. The Six Models of Policy Analysis System Model The system model relies on concepts of information theory, especially feedback, input, and output, and conceives of the process as being essentially cyclical. Policy is originated, implemented, adjusted, re-implemented, and readjusted. The system model is concern with such things as: the significant variables and patterns in the public policy making system, what constitutes the black box of the actual policy making process, and the inputs, outputs and the feedback of the process. In the systems model of public policymaking and implementation, inputs are the demands, resources, and opposition. The outputs are goods, services, and symbols to public and other policymakers. The black box represents the conversion process. Institutional Model The institutional model focuses on the organizational chart of the government. It describes the arrangements and official duties of bureaus and departments, but customarily it has ignored the living linkages between them. The institutional model is interested in the constitutional provisions, administrative and common law and similar legalities. Things that are of less concern are the behavioral connections between a department and the public policy coming from it. Neo-Institutional Model The neo-institutional model is an attempt to categorize public policies according to policymaking subsystems. For example Theodore J. Lowi classifies policies by four arenas of power: redistributive, distributive, constituent, and regulative. Distributive policy includes for example agricultural subsidies. Constituent policy arena includes reapportionment of legislature. Regulative policy includes elimination of fraudulent advertising. Last, redistributive policy includes for example, the progressive income tax. Organized Anarchy Model The organized anarchy model has three streams that flow largely independently of one another and constitutes the policymaking process. First, is the problem stream, which involves focusing the publics and policymakers attention on a particular social problem, defining the problem, and either applying a new policy to the resolution of the problem or letting the problem fade from sight. The second stream is the political stream that the governmental agenda or in other words, the list of issues or problems to be resolved is formed. This formulation occurs as the result of the interaction of major forces, such as the national mood, the perspective and the clout of organized interests and the dynamics of government itself, including personnel turnover, the settling of jurisdictional disputes among agencies and branches. The primary participants in the formulation of government agenda are high-level political appointees and the presidents staff members of Congress, the media, interest grou ps, those associated with elections, parties, and campaigns and the general public opinion. Third is the policy stream. It is in the policy stream that the decision agenda or alternative specification is formulated. The major participants in the formulation of the decision agenda are career public administrators, academic researchers and consultants, congressional staffers, the Office of Management and Budget and interest groups. Group Model Another way of describing the group model is the hydraulic thesis, in which the polity is considered as a system of forces and pressures acting as a system of forces and pressures acting and reacting to one another in the formulation of public policy. Normally the group model is associated with the legislature rather than the bureaucracy. Agency administrators grow increasingly to distinguish between policies that are beneficial to the interest of the public and policies of the groups being regulated. The group model goes by the saying that what is good for the group is good for the nation, in the eyes of the regulators. Elite Model The elite or mass model contends that a policymaking and policy executing elite is able to act in an environment characterized by apathy and information distortion, and thereby govern a largely passive mass. Policy flows downward from the elite to the mass and prevailing public policies reflect the elite values. The Policy Analysis Process Verify, define and detail the problem This is the most important step of the policy analysis process because there are many instances where the objectives are not clear or even contradictory from one another; a good political analysis will have will have clearly identified the problem that is to be resolved. This is the mandatory process that determines how efficient and effective the outcome of the whole process will be. The analyst must question both the interested parties involved as well as their agendas of the outcome. In this process you want to state the problem, determine the extent and magnitude of the problem eliminate irrelevant material, and make a quick estimate of resources required to deal with the issue. Establish evaluation criteria This step is important in order to compare measure and select among the alternatives, relevant evaluation data must be established. In this process it must be considered cost, net benefit, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, administrative ease, legality, and political acceptability. Economic benefits must be considered in evaluating the policy. How the policy will harm or benefit a particular group or groups will depend on the number of options available. Political and other variables go together with the evaluation criteria to be followed. Most of the time the client, or person or group, interested in the policy analysis will dictate the direction or evaluation criteria to follow. This step, deals with what the important goals are and how they will be measured. It clarifies the goals values, and objectives. It looks at the cost and benefits, effectiveness, equity, legality and political acceptability. Identify alternative policies In this third step understanding what is being sought out is important. In order to generate alternatives, it becomes important to have a clear understanding of the problem and how to go about it. Possible alternatives include the â€Å"do nothing approach† (status quo), and any others that can benefit from the outcome. Combining alternatives generates better solutions not thought of before. Relying on past experiences from the other groups or policy analysis, helps to create a more thorough analysis and understanding. It is important not to settle prematurely on a certain number of options when it comes to this step; many options must be considered before settling into a reduced number of alternatives. Brainstorming, researching, experimenting, writing scenarios, or concept mapping will help to find new alternatives that will help reach the optimal solution. This step considers a wide range of options, consults with experts, and redefines the problem if necessary. Evaluate alternative policies In this step it becomes necessary to evaluate how each possible alternative benefits the criteria previously established. Additional data needs to be collected in analyzing the different levels of influence: the economical, political and social dimensions of the problem. These dimensions are analyzed through quantitative and qualitative analysis, which is the benefits and cost per alternative. New aspects of the problem may be found to be of importance and even different from the original statement, after political questions in obtaining the goals are analyzed. Several fast interactions through the policy analysis may be efficient and effective than a single detailed one. What this means is that the efficiency is greatly increased when several projects are analyzed and evaluated rather than just one in great detail, allowing for a wider scope of possible solutions. This process considers selecting appropriate methods and applying them correctly. It also estimates expected outcomes, e ffects, and impacts of each policy alternative. Display and distinguish among alternative policies In this step, comparison schemes are used to summarize virtues, they are a great help in distinguishing among several options; scenarios with quantitative methods, qualitative analysis, and complex political considerations can be melded into general alternatives containing many from the original ones. In this process the comparison and distinction of each alternative must be looked at against the economic, political, legal, and administrative ramification of each option. Political analysis is a major factor of decision of distinction among the choices; display the positive effects and negative effects interested in implementing the policy. This political approach will ultimately analyze how the number of participants will improve or diminish the implementation. It will also criticize on how the internal cooperation of the interested units or parties will play an important role in the outcome of the policy analysis. Mixing two or more alternatives is a very common and practiced approa ch in attaining a very reasonably justified policy analysis. Monitor the implemented policy This process looks to see if the policy is actually having an impact. Even after a policy has been implemented, there may be some doubt whether the problem was resolved appropriately and even whether the selected policy is being implemented properly. These concerns require that policies and programs be maintained and monitored during implementation to assure that they do not change for unintentionally, to measure the impact that they are having, to determine whether they are having the impact intended, and to decide whether they should be continued, modified or terminated. References Daneke, G. A., Steiss, A. W. (1980, August 13). Administrative Policy Analysis, Budgeting, Implementation, and Evaluation. Retrieved July 2009, 29, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/994. Hall, S. (n.d.). Public Policy analysis. Retrieved july 29, 2009, from eHow: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5185777_public-policy-analysis.html Patton, C. V. (1999, April 22). Social Reasearch Methods. Retrieved July 29, 2009, from Steps for a Successful Policy Analysis: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/tutorial/Barrien/barrien.htm

Cultural studies

? â€Å"Literature is the mirror of life† is one of the main quotes which our lecturer, Mr. Puveneswaran keep on telling to us in his every lesson. This quote answered my question which I asked myself since the first lesson of Literature in English. A great literature is the mirror upon which the realities of life are reflected. A term that used to describe written or spoken material is known as literature. By studying this subject, I could understand that literature is all about the obsession with ideas and also a way in which we can capture and interpret what has happened and is happening to us personally and to the world as a whole.Broadly speaking, the study of literature allows people to develop new ideas and ethical standpoints and can help individuals to present themselves as educated members of society. There are many short stories that I have studied in this semester such as A Dream of China, The Mahogany Table, No Place For A Woman and so on. As the requirement of my coursework, I choose two short stories such as Everything’s Arranged and Dey Raju. This Everything’s Arranged by Siew Yee Killingley tells about a Ceylonese girl named Rukumani having secret affair with a Ceylonese boy named Devanayagam while studying at University.Their secret affair discovered by their parents. Rukumani have struggle and suffer because of their family members, relatives and their community as they try to get together in life. The Ceylonese, however educated, still hold to their tradition, beliefs and family values so adamantly. At the end their marriage was called off. Dey Raju by Saras M Manickam is a story about a boy named Raju. Raju’s father arranged a marriage for him. Raju wrongly saw the ‘bride’. He refuses to get married because the lady that he thought his bride was fat.Amazingly, he found out that the fat lady was not his bride. His bride was beautiful. Raju got to know the truth and talked to his bride. They both love each other. According to Mathew Arnold, literary criticism is a disinterested endeavor to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world. Using the theories and principles of theoretical criticism, the practical critic defines the standards of taste and explains, evaluates, or justifies a particular piece of literature.Since there are a few literary criticisms in those two short stories, I found cultural criticism is the most suitable one for those two short stories that I have been chosen. Cultural criticism is known as criticism or analysis of a specific culture and society on a continuing basis with the end result being some sort of practical solution being found to fix any problems. In the Everything’s Arranged short story, Indian culture is well depicted and portrayed. As a Ceylonese, Rukumani’s parents believe that marriage is a spiritual thing and if a girl has an affair with a guy before marriage, it is considered as a sin.The girls shouldn ’t be in love before marriage. This can be clearly seen when a man who is a visitor to Rukumani’s house said that â€Å"When we were young our mother never mentioned the word ‘marriage’ to any of my seven sisters until two days before they were to be married. Everything fixes first, then talk. † We can know that they are very possessive and exposed to Indian culture that were truly practiced when Rukumani’s mother scolded her by telling that Rukumani have been so brazen and shameless as to spoilt yourself with her beloved ones.Even though she protested herself that she never did anything wrong, her mother cried and told her not to tell about shameful things. I also found evidence for the culture that they belief where the girls shouldn’t choose a guy as their life partner by themselves. For an example, â€Å"How dare you choose somebody for yourself? † wept her mother. Moreover, sex is an issue that cannot be mentioned in home. There was stated that Rukumani’s parents liked to pretend Rukumani was too spiritual to know anything about sex and that topic was never mentioned at home.The Ceylonese, however educated, still hold to their tradition, beliefs and family values so adamantly. Education failed to change their thinking. Social life is a taboo for their young sons what more for a daughter. Dey Raju is one of the most favorite short stories of mine where I found the pure love between married to be couple. The cultural criticism in this short story is arranged marriage. Raju who works in Kuala Lumpur received a telegram from his father states that â€Å"Marriage arranged. Come immediately†.Even though he hasn’t seen his bride, he agreed to his father’s statement and went back to his hometown immediately by train without thinking for a second. When the mates at work ribbed Raju mercilessly about marrying a bride that he had never seen before, he said that â€Å"Mine was traditi onal Indian culture with five thousand years of history. By golly, I was proud of it†. This shows that Raju is still conservation and holds his Tamil culture which is arranged marriage. This is also can be clearly seen when an elderly neighbor from home, Auntie Rukku asked him whether he has set eyes on his bride and know his bride’s name ornot. â€Å"It’s our tradition, Auntie Rukku† replied Raju. It is being a common thing to modern culture where people can find their own spouses and didn’t depend on their parents but yet Raju follows the Indian culture. In a conclusion, I could understand more clearly and well about cultural criticism by reading and interpreting those two short stories. I also able to know that the formal study of literature enables us to explain our responses to any text, allows us to articulate the function of literature in an academic and a personal way.

We Create Our Own Monsters

Woods 1 Taylor Woods Mrs. Eryes Language Arts 3-4 H 16 October 2012 We Create Our Own Monsters Monsters are different for everyone. Some may think monsters are purple, hairy, one-eyed freaks. Others may think they are atrocious beasts with chain-saws and bloody faces out to kill you! But monsters don’t just have to be a literal thing that we can see and feel. Many monsters are figurative, meaning that it’s not an actual real life monster but are features and characteristics made up of our own fears.Many times the things that make a monster scary are because of the traits we give to them from our own fears. Monsters are creatures of our own imagination that help us deal with and reflect our fears and taboos.. The University of Michigan attempts to define monsters. The way they explain monsters is that they are creatures of our own imagination. James Mitchell describes monsters and says that, â€Å"Cultures create and ascribe meaning to monsters, endowing them with their characteristics derived from their most deep-seeded fears and taboos†.What Mitchell is trying to say is that monsters are made up of our own fears. We create the characteristics of the monster based on our fears and taboos. So, for example, when we are younger we are scared of a monster in our closet and under our beds. So, a monster to a young child would be a hairy, colorful creature like a monster from the movie â€Å"Monsters, Inc. †. But as we grow up we don’t fear that type of monster anymore. We overcome those worries. We are then faced with new problems and fears. For example, many teens fear not being socially accepted and people making fun of them Woods 2 nd bullying them – much like Frankenstein, not because the way he looked, but how he wasn’t accepted by anyone because peopled feared him. Monsters don’t just have to be big and scary creatures. They are also figurative just like in the books The Outsiders and Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. In the book The Outsiders by S. E. Hilton the monster is â€Å"being alone† because in the book they fear being alone because they could be attacked by the Socs. The Socs were the â€Å"cool† and â€Å"popular† kids. They always have each other’s backs and protect one another from the Socs and everything they fear.After Ponnyboy got beat up in the beginning of the book by the Socs you can tell that they are all there for him, â€Å"Our gang had chased the Socs to their car and heaved rocks at them. † In the book The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by Mark Haddon, Christopher doesn’t like anything he can’t use logic to figure out such as metaphors, jokes, sarcasm. That’s why he even says in his book, â€Å"This will not be a funny book. I cannot tell jokes because I do not understand them. †(Haddon, 8) Christopher fears the unknown and chaos because of his autism.Christopher cannot handle it when there is chaos and people asking too many question, â€Å"He was asking me too many questions and he was asking them too quickly†¦I rolled back onto the lawn and pressed my forehead to the ground again and made the noise that Father calls groaning. † (Haddon, 7) The unknown and chaos are the monsters in this book. Figurative monsters are in all the books even the well-known monster books.. Even most of the classic monsters have figurative monsters in the stories as well. In the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelly you would think ‘The Monster’ would be the monster.He still is, it’s obvious, he is a massive, atrocious beast. But ‘The Monster’ actually fears being rejected. He has been rejected by so many people because all they see when they see Woods 3 him is his looks and not any of his personality. Just like when he was learning from his neighbors that he was spying on and decided to go to their house and meet them, and they immediately are frightened and do not accept ‘The Monster’ even though he was not there to harm them. He had very good intensions. When people saw him, they just assumed he was out to cause harm.In Beowulf-poet everyone fears Grendel because he wants to kill Beowulf. This makes Grendael the monster of this story. But just like any other story there is a figurative monster as well. The people in this story fear Grendel’s power to kill whoever he wants, thus making the figurative monster power. But overall, the people of this town fear themselves or loved ones being killed which makes their biggest fear, death, just like in most books. In every story, movie, poem or T. V. show there is a monster. Whether it’s just the antagonist or a classic monster, a monster is a monster.You can always find a figurative monster. What most people fear almost always ends up being the figurative monster. Just like in Frankenstein he fears being rejected, in the Outsiders the y fear being on their own and in the Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time Christopher fears the unknown. In all these books they also all fear one thing in common: death. One of the biggest fears to everyone is dying which makes every monster almost have to do with death. As we know, we create our own monster, by having their characteristics come from our fears.Every monster is different and every person has a different view on monsters. Woods 4 Works Cited Haddon, Mark. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print. Hinton, S. E. The Outsiders,. New York: Viking, 1967. Print. THe Holt Reader: An Interactive Worktext. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, n. d. Print. Sixth Course. Mitchell, James. â€Å"Introductory Essay to Our Exploration of Monstrosity. † University of Michigan. N. p. , n. d. Web. Aug. 2012. . Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1831. Print.

Ten Facts About Port au Prince, Haiti

Port au Prince (map) is the capital and largest city based on population in Haiti, a relatively small country that shares the island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. It is located on the Gulf of Gonà ¢ve on the Caribbean Sea and covers an area of nearly 15 square miles (38 sq km). The metro region of Port au Prince is dense with a population of over two million but like the rest of Haiti, the majority of the population in Port au Prince is extremely poor although there are some wealthier areas within the city. The following is a list of the ten most important things to know about Port au Prince: 1) Most recently, much of Haitis capital city was destroyed in a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 earthquake which hit near Port au Prince on January 12, 2010. The death toll in the earthquake was in the thousands and most of Port au Princes central historic district, its capital building, the parliament building, as well as other city infrastructure such as hospitals were destroyed. 2) The city of Port au Prince was officially incorporated in 1749 and in 1770 it replaced Cap-Franà §ais as the capital of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. 3) Modern-day Port au Prince is located on a natural harbor on the Gulf of Gonà ¢ve which has allowed it to sustain more economic activity than other areas of Haiti.4) Port au Prince is Haitis economic hub as it is an export center. The most common exports leaving Haiti through Port au Prince are coffee and sugar. Food processing is also common in Port au Prince. 5) The population of Port au Prince is difficult to accurately determine because of a large presence of slums in the hills adjacent to the city. 6) Although Port au Prince is densely populated the citys layout is divided as commercial districts are near the water, while residential areas are in the hills next to the commercial areas. 7) Port au Prince is divided into separate districts that are administered by their own local mayors who are under the jurisdiction of the entire citys general mayor. 8) Port au Prince is considered the educational hub of Haiti as it has several different educational institutions which range from large universities to smaller vocational schools. The State University of Haiti is also located in Port au Prince. 9) Culture is an important aspect of Port au Prince museums featuring artifacts from explorers like Christopher Columbus and historic buildings. Many of these buildings, however, were damaged in the January 12, 2010 earthquake. 10) Recently, tourism has become an important part of Port au Princes economy, however most tourist activity focuses around the citys historic districts and affluent areas. Reference Wikipedia. (2010, April 6). Port-au-Prince - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince